Evidence: Very High Possible Benefits: High Safety: High
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What is PQQ?
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone, also known as PQQ, is a popular dietary supplement used for slowing down aging and improving various aspects of health. This article is about the main benefits of PQQ, its potential side effects, the best time to take it, and more.
Possible benefits
All of the potential benefits mentioned below are dose-dependent. As with most other supplements, there is a sweet-spot dose that allows you to get most of the benefits without causing meaningful side effects or tolerance buildup in the body. We will discuss the best dosing protocol later in this article.
Major benefits
Reduced inflammation – This supplement is highly anti-inflammatory and can improve various markers of inflammation in the body. For example, three weeks of PQQ supplementation was able to reduce CRP by 45% in one human study. IL-6 and other markers of inflammation are also influenced in a very positive way.
Increased healthspan and lifespan – This effect hasn’t been studied directly in humans yet as the studies would be very costly and take a long time to create. However, PQQ supports various mechanisms associated with healthy aging and increases in lifespan and healthspan.
Minor benefits
Improved brain health and function – PQQ appears to be somewhat neuroprotective. Animal studies also show the compound can be helpful in improving attention and working memory.
Reduced fatigue – Older people taking the supplement often experience more energy and reductions in fatigue, especially when they have low energy.
Antioxidant properties – The supplement acts as a mild antioxidant and reduces damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress.
Improved immune health – Secondary to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, PQQ can strengthen immune system health and function. This supplement can also reduce the symptoms of various autoimmune conditions.
Reduced stress – The supplement can slightly reduce stress, especially in people who experience stress a lot.
Improved sleep quality – PQQ can improve sleep in stressed individuals and people with impaired sleep quality. Whether or not this applies to people with healthy sleep is not yet clear.
Possible side effects
The side effects below are dose-dependent. The risk for them increases (often linearly but sometimes exponentially) as you increase the dose. Some of the side effects only apply to very high doses.
Allergic reaction – An allergy to this supplement is rare but possible.
Nausea – This side effect is most common when people take the supplement on an empty stomach.
Diarrhea – You can usually prevent diarrhea or stomach discomfort by taking this supplement with a meal.
Toxicity – While acute toxicity is extremely rare, taking high amounts of this anti-aging compound could lead to chronic toxicity and cause health problems over time. Regularly taking high doses can also cause the body to develop a tolerance to the supplement. To prevent chronic toxicity or the buildup of tolerance, staying below 30 mg in a day is best unless you have a great reason to take more.
Contamination – Contaminated supplements are uncommon in the USA and other well-regulated countries. However, if you wish to buy products from China, India, or other countries without strict regulations, beware that the supplements may be contaminated. Either way, you need to choose the brand you order from wisely. Always read through some reviews for the specific product before you buy it. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has the power to regulate dietary supplements but can only do so after they have been on the market for a while. That’s because supplement companies are not obligated to announce to the FDA when releasing a new product. The FDA has to discover the product and test it for potential impurities, which can take a lot of time. During that time, the supplement can be sold on the market even if it’s impure. Also, supplement companies can change their manufacturers without announcing it to the FDA.
Who should not take PQQ?
You should probably avoid taking PQQ if you:
are allergic to this compound
experience a severe adverse reaction after taking the supplement
are pregnant or breastfeeding (while it can be safe to take this supplement during pregnancy or breastfeeding, it can put some unnecessary risk to the child)
Who will benefit the most?
You should consider taking the supplement if you:
have chronically high levels of inflammation
experience lots of stress
have poor sleep quality
wish to increase your healthspan and lifespan and improve general health
are older
have a high budget for supplements and are willing to experiment with a variety of them (assuming you don’t fall into any of the categories that should avoid this supplement, PQQ appears relatively safe and is unlikely to do more harm than good for most people)
How much PQQ should you take?
The sweet spot typically ranges between 20-30 mg daily for most people. This amount should provide most of the benefits without meaningful side effects.
The higher end of this range usually provides slightly more benefits in the short term. If you plan to take this supplement for a longer time (multiple months or years), the lower end is probably a better way to go since it is safer, and you would develop tolerance faster if you were to take higher doses.
The upper safety limit for this compound is not well-established. To stay on the safe side, don’t take more than the recommended dose unless you have a great reason to do so. Higher amounts may cause problems if you take the supplement for a prolonged period.
Like most other supplements, it is best to cycle PQQ and take about two days off weekly to reset your tolerance. That will allow you to keep getting the benefits in the long term.
Best time to take PQQ
PQQ is fat-soluble, so you should always take it with food or a dietary source of fat to absorb it well.
Whether you take the supplement in the morning or the evening does not make much difference. Both options are fine so feel free to experiment.
Where to buy PQQ?
In most countries, Amazon is the best option for ordering PQQ and other anti-aging supplements. They offer some very affordable products backed by many positive reviews. Also, you can choose from a wide range of brands without having to search through other markets on the Internet.
Some brands display the dosage per serving instead of per pill or capsule. Therefore, you may accidentally buy something less potent than you intended. Do not fall for this marketing trick.
FAQ
As with most other anti-aging supplements, it is best to cycle PQQ and take a break from it for about two days per week to reset your tolerance back to baseline. That will keep your body sensitive to the supplement and allow you to keep getting the benefits in the long term.
All of these options are fine. The two most important things to consider are the price and dosing. Powders are almost always the cheapest form. However, you may need a highly accurate scale to dose them correctly (preferably 0.001g). You can get one for as little as $20 from Amazon. Dosing the powders also takes time which can add up over months or years. The disadvantage of capsules is that they are often made of bovine gelatine, which rarely comes from ethical sources.
The supplement by itself should not worsen your sleep quality in any way. However, it’s best to take it with food, and you generally don’t want to eat any food right before bed as it could worsen your digestion and sleep quality.
This compound should not become harmful once it exceeds the expiration date. However, it can lose potency over time. Keep this supplement in a cold, dark, and dry place so it remains as potent for many months or even years.
While acute toxicity is rare, taking very high amounts of this supplement could lead to various problems over time. High doses can also make you develop tolerance much faster than lower doses.
While you could safely take higher doses, there is usually no point in taking more than 30 mg of this compound daily. This amount should give you most of the benefits without meaningful side effects.
The half-life of PQQ in the body is about 45-60 minutes. This compound gets metabolized within 4 hours after you consume it. However, most of the effects of this supplement are cumulative, so they mainly happen in the long term rather than acutely. Therefore, the half-life of this compound isn’t very relevant in practice.
In the long term, you must take the supplement for about 2-4 weeks to begin noticing most of the benefits.
Most PQQ supplements on the market are vegan-friendly, but always check the label to assure yourself. If you buy the compound in a capsulated form, beware that the capsules often contain animal-based gelatin. Instead, find a brand that puts its products into cellulose capsules.
No, it does not. The supplement should not interfere with fasting in any significant way. However, you still want to take the compound with food as it will absorb better.
References
Most of the information in this guide is based on scientific research that can be found and verified in the PubMed medical library. We highly encourage you to use the library to verify anything you read in this article. We excluded from consideration studies that are either confounded or have a high conflict of interest.
