Evidence: High Possible Benefits: Very High Safety: Reasonable
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What is saffron?
Crocus sativus, also known as autumn crocus, saffron crocus, or saffron, is an adaptogenic herb with a long history of use as a traditional medicine. This herb is often used as a supplement for inducing relaxation and improving sleep quality but can also have various other beneficial effects. This article is about the main benefits of saffron, its potential side effects, the best time to take it, and more.
Possible benefits
All of the potential benefits mentioned below are dose-dependent. As with other adaptogenic herbs, there is a sweet-spot dose that allows you to get most of the benefits without causing meaningful side effects or tolerance buildup in the body. We will discuss the best dosing protocol later in this article.
Major benefits
Reduced symptoms of depression – 30 mg of saffron was shown in multiple studies to significantly reduce symptoms of depression and improve well-being in people with major depressive disorder.
Reduced symptoms of PMS – One study found that saffron can reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) by more than half in about 76% of women with PMS.
Minor benefits
Calming effects – This herb can reduce stress and anxiety (typically by about 10%) and promote calmness and relaxation. This is especially helpful when you take this herb before bed or after a stressful situation.
Improved sleep quality– When taken before bed, saffron can make it easier to fall asleep and improve sleep quality and duration. This benefit applies mainly to people who struggle with insomnia or other sleep disorders.
Reduced appetite – A high dose of almost 180 mg was able to reduce appetite in overweight women in one study. The study suggests that saffron can reduce food intake, which can lead to weight loss, though to a very mild degree.
Reduced symptoms of Alzheimer’s – While the evidence is somewhat mixed, saffron may slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Improved vision – Saffron can increase visual acuity in persons with age-related macular degeneration.
Antioxidant properties – Saffron supports antioxidant enzymes, free-radical scavenging, healthy prooxidant-antioxidant balance, and the replenishment of glutathione (GSH) levels.
Reduced LDL oxidation – This benefit is mild but reliable and applies to both healthy people and people with poor cardiovascular health.
Possible side effects
The side effects below are dose-dependent. The risk for them increases (often linearly but sometimes exponentially) as you increase the dose. Some of the side effects only apply to very high doses.
Sedation and sleepiness – Saffron can make you feel tired and sleepy, so it’s best to take it when you want to sleep or relax.
Reduced blood pressure – 60 mg of a saffron extract taken daily for 26 weeks reduced blood pressure too low in some men with normal blood pressure levels.
Initial adverse reaction – When you start taking saffron, things can get worse before they get better. This herb can temporarily worsen some aspects of your health and even make you sick for a few days after you start taking it. That can be unpleasant, but it is usually a sign that the supplement is working and creating a hormetic response that allows the body to adapt and become more resilient in the long term.
Allergic reaction – Some people are allergic to this herb and may experience an allergic reaction after they start taking it. Unlike the “initial adverse reaction,” allergic reactions typically don’t disappear until one stops taking the herb.
Nausea – This side effect is most common when people take the herb on an empty stomach.
Diarrhea – You can usually prevent diarrhea or stomach discomfort by taking this herb with a meal.
Toxicity – As an adaptogen, saffron acts as a mild stressor on the body. That is usually a great thing as it allows your body to adapt to specific forms of stress and become more resilient. However, stressing the body too much can be counter-productive and cause multiple side effects, including toxicity. While acute toxicity is extremely rare, taking high amounts of this herb could lead to chronic toxicity and cause health problems over time. 5 or more grams of saffron were shown to cause acute poisoning and 12+ grams may be a lethal dose for some people. To prevent chronic toxicity or the buildup of tolerance, staying below 50 mg of dry herb in a day is best unless you have a great reason to take more.
Contamination – If growing or storing conditions are not adequately controlled, saffron can be contaminated with bacteria, molds, and other potentially harmful microorganisms. Some growers also use pesticides and herbicides that can be unsafe. Another issue is that herbal supplements can get contaminated with other supplements and chemicals during the manufacturing process. Choose the brand you get herbs and herbal supplements from wisely. It is often best to use websites like Amazon, where thousands of users have reviewed and rated the products. You are less likely to buy something of lower quality there.
Who should not take saffron?
You should probably avoid taking saffron if you:
don’t experience much stress or anxiety and have great sleep (you may not need to take this herb in that case)
are allergic to this herb
experience a severe adverse reaction after taking the herb (though a mild adverse reaction is usually a great thing as it is a sign that the supplement is working and causing a hormetic response that allows the body to adapt and become more resilient)
are pregnant or breastfeeding (while it can be safe to take this adaptogen during pregnancy or breastfeeding, it acts as a mild stressor and can put some unnecessary risk to the child)
Who will benefit the most?
You should consider taking the supplement if you:
suffer from depression
experience age-related macular degeneration
have difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep
experience symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
experience lots of stress and anxiety
have a high budget for supplements and are willing to experiment with a variety of them (assuming you don’t fall into any of the categories that should avoid this herb, saffron appears safe and is unlikely to do more harm than good for most people)
How much saffron should you take?
Because saffron is an adaptogenic herb, it acts as a mild hormetic stressor on the body, which allows your body to adapt and become more resilient to certain kinds of stressors in the long term.
A higher dose does not necessarily lead to more pronounced benefits. Instead, there appears to be an inverted U-shaped dose-response pattern. In other words, you want to find a sweet-spot dose that allows you to get the benefits of saffron without putting too much pressure on the body or quickly causing the body to develop tolerance to the herb.
The sweet-spot dose typically ranges anywhere between 15-30 mg of dry herb powder daily. If you buy an x:1 extract, divide the dry herb powder dosage by x. If you purchase an extract standardized for safranal, the sweet spot dose of safranal is about 0.05-0.1 mg.
The higher end of this range usually provides slightly more benefits in the short term. If you plan to take this herb for a longer time (multiple months or years), the lower end is probably a better way to go since you would develop tolerance faster if you were to take higher doses.
Additionally, very high doses can put too much pressure on your system and cause health problems if you take the supplement for a prolonged period.
While this herb could theoretically cause acute toxicity, you’d need to take an extremely high dose that would be way beyond what even the most potent supplements contain.
Like most other adaptogens, it is best to cycle saffron and take about two days off weekly to reset your tolerance. That will allow you to keep getting the benefits in the long term.
Keep in mind that the effects of this herb are cumulative. Therefore, you must take it for at least 2-4 weeks to notice most of the benefits. But again, cycling the herb and not taking it at least twice a week is necessary to prevent tolerance in the long term.
Best time to take saffron
The best time to take this herb is before bed because it has a calming effect and can improve sleep quality.
You can take this herb with or without food. Each of these options has its benefits. The main bioactive compounds in the herb should absorb well either way.
If you experience nausea or stomach discomfort when you take this herb, taking it with food should prevent these unpleasant effects or at least make them less intense.
However, because it is best to take this herb before bed, it’s usually best to take it without food to prevent any problems associated with eating late.
If you take this herb on an empty stomach, the short-term effects will kick in faster and be more pronounced.
Where to buy saffron?
In most countries, Amazon is the best option for ordering saffron and other herbs and herbal supplements. They offer some very affordable products backed by many positive reviews. Also, you can choose from a wide range of brands without having to search through other markets on the Internet.
Some brands display the dosage per serving instead of per pill or capsule. Therefore, you may accidentally buy something less potent than you intended. Do not fall for this marketing trick.
FAQ
As with most other herbs and herbal supplements, it is best to cycle saffron and take a break from it for about two days per week to reset your tolerance back to baseline. That will keep your body sensitive to the herb and allow you to keep getting the benefits in the long term.
When you take a standardized extract, you know exactly how potent it is and how much you need to take to get the desired outcome. Herbal extracts also tend to be cheaper than unextracted powders in many cases. However, many of the potentially beneficial compounds get lost during the extraction process. Therefore, if you know how potent the unextracted powder is, it is almost always a better option.
All of these options are fine. The two most important things to consider are the price and dosing. Powders are almost always the cheapest form. However, you may need a highly accurate scale to dose them correctly (preferably 0.001g). You can get one for as little as $20 from Amazon. Dosing the powders also takes time which can add up over months or years. The disadvantage of capsules is that they are often made of bovine gelatine, which rarely comes from ethical sources.
Absolutely. The best time to take this herb is before bed because it has a calming effect and can improve sleep quality.
This herb should not become harmful once it exceeds the expiration date, but it can lose potency over time. Keep this herb or herbal supplement in a cold, dark, and dry place and it should remain just as potent for many months or even years.
As an adaptogen, saffron acts as a mild stressor on the body. That is usually a great thing as it allows your body to adapt to specific forms of stress and become more resilient. However, putting too much pressure on the body can be counter-productive and cause multiple side effects, including toxicity. While acute toxicity is extremely rare, taking very high amounts of this herb could lead to chronic toxicity and cause health problems over time. High doses can also make you develop tolerance much faster than lower doses so they may be less effective in the long term.
While you could safely take higher doses, there is usually no point in taking more than 30 mg of dry herb daily. This amount should give you most of the benefits without meaningful side effects. Paradoxically, taking a higher dose would likely lead to fewer benefits as the body would quickly become accustomed to the herb.
Unfortunately, there is not much information about the half-life of saffron in the body. However, most of the effects of this herb are cumulative, so they mostly happen in the long term rather than acutely. Therefore, the half-life of this herb isn’t very relevant in practice.
The effects of this herb are cumulative. Therefore, you must take it for at least 2-4 weeks to notice most of the benefits. But again, cycling the herb and not taking it at least twice a week is necessary to prevent tolerance in the long term.
Yes, saffron is vegan-friendly. If you buy this herb in a capsulated form, beware that the capsules often contain animal-based gelatin. Instead, find a brand that puts its products into cellulose capsules.
No, it does not. The herb does not interfere with fasting in any significant way.
References
Most of the information in this guide is based on scientific research that can be found and verified in the PubMed medical library. We highly encourage you to use the library to verify anything you read in this article. We excluded from consideration studies that are either confounded or have a high conflict of interest.
